Chapter 9. Support for Common Media Type Representations

POJO support represents the easiest way to convert your Java Objects to JSON and back.

Media modules that support this approach are MOXy, Jackson, and Java API for JSON Binding (JSON-B)

Taking this approach will save you a lot of time, if you want to easily produce/consume both JSON and XML data format. With JAXB beans you will be able to use the same Java model to generate JSON as well as XML representations. Another advantage is simplicity of working with such a model and availability of the API in Java SE Platform. JAXB leverages annotated POJOs and these could be handled as simple Java beans.

A disadvantage of JAXB based approach could be if you need to work with a very specific JSON format. Then it might be difficult to find a proper way to get such a format produced and consumed. This is a reason why a lot of configuration options are provided, so that you can control how JAXB beans get serialized and de-serialized. The extra configuration options however requires you to learn more details about the framework you are using.

Following is a very simple example of how a JAXB bean could look like.

@XmlRootElement
public class MyJaxbBean {
    public String name;
    public int age;

    public MyJaxbBean() {} // JAXB needs this

    public MyJaxbBean(String name, int age) {
        this.name = name;
        this.age = age;
    }
}

Using the above JAXB bean for producing JSON data format from you resource method, is then as simple as:

@GET
@Produces("application/json")
public MyJaxbBean getMyBean() {
    return new MyJaxbBean("Agamemnon", 32);
}

Notice, that JSON specific mime type is specified in @Produces annotation, and the method returns an instance of MyJaxbBean, which JAXB is able to process. Resulting JSON in this case would look like:

{"name":"Agamemnon", "age":"32"}

A proper use of JAXB annotations itself enables you to control output JSON format to certain extent. Specifically, renaming and omitting items is easy to do directly just by using JAXB annotations. For example, the following example depicts changes in the above mentioned MyJaxbBean that will result in {"king":"Agamemnon"} JSON output.

@XmlRootElement
public class MyJaxbBean {

    @XmlElement(name="king")
    public String name;

    @XmlTransient
    public int age;

    // several lines removed
}

Media modules that support this approach are MOXy, Jackson, Jettison

JSON Processing API is a new standard API for parsing and processing JSON structures in similar way to what SAX and StAX parsers provide for XML. The API is part of Jakarta EE 9 and later. Another such JSON parsing/processing API is provided by Jettison framework (which is also supported in jakartified environment). Both APIs provide a low-level access to producing and consuming JSON data structures. By adopting this low-level approach you would be working with JsonObject (or JSONObject respectively) and/or JsonArray (or JSONArray respectively) classes when processing your JSON data representations.

The biggest advantage of these low-level APIs is that you will gain full control over the JSON format produced and consumed. You will also be able to produce and consume very large JSON structures using streaming JSON parser/generator APIs. On the other hand, dealing with your data model objects will probably be a lot more complex, compared to the POJO or JAXB based binding approach. Differences are depicted at the following code snippets.

Let's start with JAXB-based approach.

MyJaxbBean myBean = new MyJaxbBean("Agamemnon", 32);

Above you construct a simple JAXB bean, which could be written in JSON as {"name":"Agamemnon", "age":32}

Now to build an equivalent JsonObject/JSONObject (in terms of resulting JSON expression), you would need several more lines of code. The following example illustrates how to construct the same JSON data using the standard Jakarta EE 9 JSON-Processing API.

JsonObject myObject = Json.createObjectBuilder()
        .add("name", "Agamemnon")
        .add("age", 32)
        .build();

And at last, here's how the same work can be done with Jettison API.

JSONObject myObject = new JSONObject();
try {
    myObject.put("name", "Agamemnon");
    myObject.put("age", 32);
} catch (JSONException ex) {
    LOGGER.log(Level.SEVERE, "Error ...", ex);
}

Media modules that support the low-level JSON parsing and generating approach are Java API for JSON Processing (JSON-P) and Jettison. Unless you have a strong reason for using the non-standard Jettison API, we recommend you to use the new standard Java API for JSON Processing (JSON-P) API instead.

To use MOXy as your JSON provider you need to add jersey-media-moxy module to your pom.xml file:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
    <artifactId>jersey-media-moxy</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.17</version>
</dependency>

If you're not using Maven make sure to have all needed dependencies (see jersey-media-moxy) on the classpath.

As stated in the Section 4.3, “Auto-Discoverable Features” as well as earlier in this chapter, MOXy media module is one of the modules where you don't need to explicitly register its Features (MoxyJsonFeature) in your client/server Configurable as this feature is automatically discovered and registered when you add jersey-media-moxy module to your class-path.

The auto-discoverable jersey-media-moxy module defines a few properties that can be used to control the automatic registration of MoxyJsonFeature (besides the generic CommonProperties.FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE an the its client/server variants):

To configure MessageBodyReader<T>s / MessageBodyWriter<T>s provided by MOXy you can simply create an instance of MoxyJsonConfig and set values of needed properties. For most common properties you can use a particular method to set the value of the property or you can use more generic methods to set the property:

final Map<String, String> namespacePrefixMapper = new HashMap<String, String>();
namespacePrefixMapper.put("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance", "xsi");

final MoxyJsonConfig configuration = new MoxyJsonConfig()
        .setNamespacePrefixMapper(namespacePrefixMapper)
        .setNamespaceSeparator(':');
                        

In order to make MoxyJsonConfig visible for MOXy you need to create and register ContextResolver<T> in your client/server code.

final Map<String, String> namespacePrefixMapper = new HashMap<String, String>();
namespacePrefixMapper.put("http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance", "xsi");

final MoxyJsonConfig moxyJsonConfig = MoxyJsonConfig()
            .setNamespacePrefixMapper(namespacePrefixMapper)
            .setNamespaceSeparator(':');

final ContextResolver<MoxyJsonConfig> jsonConfigResolver = moxyJsonConfig.resolver();

Another way to pass configuration properties to the underlying MOXyJsonProvider is to set them directly into your Configurable instance (see an example below). These are overwritten by properties set into the MoxyJsonConfig.

new ResourceConfig()
                            .property(MarshallerProperties.JSON_NAMESPACE_SEPARATOR, ".")
                            // further configuration

There are some properties for which Jersey sets the default value when MessageBodyReader<T> / MessageBodyWriter<T> from MOXy is used and they are:

final Client client = ClientBuilder.newBuilder()
        // The line below that registers MOXy feature can be
        // omitted if FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE is
        // not disabled.
        .register(MoxyJsonFeature.class)
        .register(jsonConfigResolver)
        .build();

// Create JAX-RS application.
final Application application = new ResourceConfig()
        .packages("org.glassfish.jersey.examples.jsonmoxy")
        // The line below that registers MOXy feature can be
        // omitted if FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE is
        // not disabled.
        .register(MoxyJsonFeature.class)
        .register(jsonConfigResolver);

Jersey provides a JSON MOXy example on how to use MOXy to consume/produce JSON.

To use JSON-P as your JSON provider you need to add jersey-media-json-processing module to your pom.xml file:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
    <artifactId>jersey-media-json-processing</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.17</version>
</dependency>

If you're not using Maven make sure to have all needed dependencies (see jersey-media-json-processing) on the class-path.

As stated in Section 4.3, “Auto-Discoverable Features” JSON-Processing media module is one of the modules where you don't need to explicitly register its Features (JsonProcessingFeature) in your client/server Configurable as this feature is automatically discovered and registered when you add jersey-media-json-processing module to your classpath.

As for the other modules, jersey-media-json-processing has also few properties that can affect the registration of JsonProcessingFeature (besides CommonProperties.FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE and the like):

To configure MessageBodyReader<T>s / MessageBodyWriter<T>s provided by JSON-P you can simply add values for supported properties into the Configuration instance (client/server). Currently supported are these properties:

ClientBuilder.newClient(new ClientConfig()
        // The line below that registers JSON-Processing feature can be
        // omitted if FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE is not disabled.
        .register(JsonProcessingFeature.class)
        .property(JsonGenerator.PRETTY_PRINTING, true)
);

// Create JAX-RS application.
final Application application = new ResourceConfig()
        // The line below that registers JSON-Processing feature can be
        // omitted if FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE is not disabled.
        .register(JsonProcessingFeature.class)
        .packages("org.glassfish.jersey.examples.jsonp")
        .property(JsonGenerator.PRETTY_PRINTING, true);

Jersey provides a JSON Processing example on how to use JSON-Processing to consume/produce JSON.

To use Jackson 2.x as your JSON provider you need to add jersey-media-json-jackson module to your pom.xml file:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
    <artifactId>jersey-media-json-jackson</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.17</version>
</dependency>

If you're not using Maven make sure to have all needed dependencies (see jersey-media-json-jackson) on the classpath.

Jackson JSON processor could be controlled via providing a custom Jackson 2 ObjectMapper instance. This could be handy if you need to redefine the default Jackson behaviour and to fine-tune how your JSON data structures look like. Detailed description of all Jackson features is out of scope of this guide. The example below gives you a hint on how to wire your ObjectMapper instance into your Jersey application.

Since the 2.36 version of Jersey it is possible to filter (include/exclude) Jackson modules by properties CommonProperties.JSON_JACKSON_DISABLED_MODULES and CommonProperties.JSON_JACKSON_ENABLED_MODULES (with their client/server derivatives). If the CommonProperties.JSON_JACKSON_ENABLED_MODULES property is used, only those named modules will be used for JSON processing. On the other hand if the CommonProperties.JSON_JACKSON_DISABLED_MODULES property is used, those listed modules will be explicitly excluded from processing while other (not listed) will remain. Please note that the JaxbAnnotationModule module is always excluded from processing and this is not configurable.

In order to use Jackson as your JSON (JAXB/POJO) provider you need to register JacksonFeature and a ContextResolver<T> for ObjectMapper, if needed, in your Configurable (client/server).

@Provider
public class MyObjectMapperProvider implements ContextResolver<ObjectMapper> {

    final ObjectMapper defaultObjectMapper;

    public MyObjectMapperProvider() {
        defaultObjectMapper = createDefaultMapper();
    }

    @Override
    public ObjectMapper getContext(Class<?> type) {
            return defaultObjectMapper;
        }
    }

    private static ObjectMapper createDefaultMapper() {
        final ObjectMapper result = new ObjectMapper();
        result.configure(Feature.INDENT_OUTPUT, true);

        return result;
    }

    // ...
}

final Client client = ClientBuilder.newBuilder()
        .register(MyObjectMapperProvider.class)  // No need to register this provider if no special configuration is required.
        .register(JacksonFeature.class)
        .build();

// Create JAX-RS application.
final Application application = new ResourceConfig()
        .packages("org.glassfish.jersey.examples.jackson")
        .register(MyObjectMapperProvider.class)  // No need to register this provider if no special configuration is required.
        .register(JacksonFeature.class);

Jersey provides JSON Jackson (2.x) example showing how to use Jackson to consume/produce JSON.

To use Jettison as your JSON provider you need to add jersey-media-json-jettison module to your pom.xml file:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
    <artifactId>jersey-media-json-jettison</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.17</version>
</dependency>

If you're not using Maven make sure to have all needed dependencies (see jersey-media-json-jettison) on the classpath.

JettisonConfig allows you to use two JSON notations. Each of these notations serializes JSON in a different way. Following is a list of supported notations:

You might want to use one of these notations, when working with more complex XML documents. Namely when you deal with multiple XML namespaces in your JAXB beans.

Individual notations and their further configuration options are described below. Rather then explaining rules for mapping XML constructs into JSON, the notations will be described using a simple example. Following are JAXB beans, which will be used.

@XmlRootElement
public class Address {
    public String street;
    public String town;

    public Address(){}

    public Address(String street, String town) {
        this.street = street;
        this.town = town;
    }
}

@XmlRootElement
public class Contact {

    public int id;
    public String name;
    public List<Address> addresses;

    public Contact() {};

    public Contact(int id, String name, List<Address> addresses) {
        this.name = name;
        this.id = id;
        this.addresses =
            (addresses != null) ? new LinkedList<Address>(addresses) : null;
    }
}

Following text will be mainly working with a contact bean initialized with:

Address[] addresses = {new Address("Long Street 1", "Short Village")};
Contact contact = new Contact(2, "Bob", Arrays.asList(addresses));

I.e. contact bean with id=2, name="Bob" containing a single address (street="Long Street 1", town="Short Village").

All below described configuration options are documented also in api-docs at JettisonConfig.

...
@XmlElement(namespace="http://example.com")
public int id;
...

Map<String,String> ns2json = new HashMap<String, String>();
ns2json.put("http://example.com", "example");
context = new JettisonJaxbContext(
    JettisonConfig.mappedJettison().xml2JsonNs(ns2json).build(),
    types);

{
   "contact":{
      "example.id":2,
      "name":"Bob",
      "addresses":{
         "street":"Long Street 1",
         "town":"Short Village"
      }
   }
}

context = new JettisonJaxbContext(
    JettisonConfig.mappedJettison().serializeAsArray("name").build(),
    types);

{
   "contact":{
      ...
      "name":["Bob"],
      ...
   }
}

JettisonConfig.badgerFish().build()

{
   "contact":{
      "id":{
         "$":"2"
      },
      "name":{
         "$":"Bob"
      },
      "addresses":{
         "street":{
            "$":"Long Street 1"
         },
         "town":{
            "$":"Short Village"
         }
      }
   }
}

In order to use Jettison as your JSON (JAXB/POJO) provider you need to register JettisonFeature and a ContextResolver<T> for JAXBContext (if needed) in your Configurable (client/server).

@Provider
public class JaxbContextResolver implements ContextResolver<JAXBContext> {

    private final JAXBContext context;
    private final Set<Class<?>> types;
    private final Class<?>[] cTypes = {Flights.class, FlightType.class, AircraftType.class};

    public JaxbContextResolver() throws Exception {
        this.types = new HashSet<Class<?>>(Arrays.asList(cTypes));
        this.context = new JettisonJaxbContext(JettisonConfig.DEFAULT, cTypes);
    }

    @Override
    public JAXBContext getContext(Class<?> objectType) {
        return (types.contains(objectType)) ? context : null;
    }
}

final Client client = ClientBuilder.newBuilder()
        .register(JaxbContextResolver.class)  // No need to register this provider if no special configuration is required.
        .register(JettisonFeature.class)
        .build();

// Create JAX-RS application.
final Application application = new ResourceConfig()
        .packages("org.glassfish.jersey.examples.jettison")
        .register(JaxbContextResolver.class)  // No need to register this provider if no special configuration is required.
        .register(JettisonFeature.class);

Jersey provides an JSON Jettison example on how to use Jettison to consume/produce JSON.

To use JSON-B as your JSON provider you need to add jersey-media-json-binding module to your pom.xml file:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
    <artifactId>jersey-media-json-binding</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.17</version>
</dependency>

If you're not using Maven make sure to have all needed dependencies (see jersey-media-json-binding) on the classpath.

As stated in Section 4.3, “Auto-Discoverable Features” JSON-Binding media module is one of the modules where you don't need to explicitly register its Features (JsonBindingFeature) in your client/server Configurable as this feature is automatically discovered and registered when you add jersey-media-json-binding module to your classpath.

To use custom preconfigured JSON-B, it is simply possible to register a ContextResolver<T> for Jsonb in your Configurable (client/server) and configure JsonbConfig.

@Provider
public class JsonbContextResolver implements ContextResolver<Jsonb> {

        @Override
        public Jsonb getContext(Class<?> type) {
            JsonbConfig config = new JsonbConfig();
            // configure JsonbConfig
            ...
            return JsonbBuilder.create(config);
        }
}

ClientBuilder.newClient(new ClientConfig()
    // The line below that registers JSON-Binding feature can be
    // omitted if FEATURE_AUTO_DISCOVERY_DISABLE is not disabled.
    .register(JsonBindingFeature.class)
    .register(JsonbContextResolver.class)
);

Example.  You can take a look at a provided JSON-B example..

To use multipart features you need to add jersey-media-multipart module to your pom.xml file:

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.glassfish.jersey.media</groupId>
    <artifactId>jersey-media-multipart</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.17</version>
</dependency>

If you're not using Maven make sure to have all needed dependencies (see jersey-media-multipart) on the class-path.

Before you can use capabilities of the jersey-media-multipart module in your client/server code, you need to register MultiPartFeature.

final Client client = ClientBuilder.newBuilder()
    .register(MultiPartFeature.class)
    .build();

// Create JAX-RS application.
final Application application = new ResourceConfig()
    .packages("org.glassfish.jersey.examples.multipart")
    .register(MultiPartFeature.class)

Jersey provides a Multipart Web Application Example on how to use multipart features.

Working with MultiPart types is no different from injecting/returning other entity types. Jersey provides MessageBodyReader<T> for reading the request entity and injecting this entity into a method parameter of a resource method and MessageBodyWriter<T> for writing output entities. You can expect that either MultiPart or FormDataMultiPart (multipart/form-data media type) object to be injected into a resource method.

@POST
@Produces("multipart/mixed")
public MultiPart post(final FormDataMultiPart multiPart) {
    return multiPart;
}

If you just need to bind the named body part(s) of a multipart/form-data request entity body to a resource method parameter you can use @FormDataParam annotation.

This annotation in conjunction with the media type multipart/form-data should be used for submitting and consuming forms that contain files, non-ASCII data, and binary data.

The type of the annotated parameter can be one of the following (for more detailed description see javadoc to @FormDataParam):

@POST
@Consumes(MediaType.MULTIPART_FORM_DATA)
public String postForm(
    @DefaultValue("true") @FormDataParam("enabled") boolean enabled,
    @FormDataParam("data") FileData bean,
    @FormDataParam("file") InputStream file,
    @FormDataParam("file") FormDataContentDisposition fileDisposition) {

    // ...
}

In the example above the server consumes a multipart/form-data request entity body that contains one optional named body part enabled and two required named body parts data and file.

The optional part enabled is processed as a boolean value, if the part is absent then the value will be true.

The part data is processed as a JAXB bean and contains some meta-data about the following part.

The part file is a file that is uploaded, this is processed as an InputStream. Additional information about the file from the Content-Disposition header can be accessed by the parameter fileDisposition.