Chapter 10. Filters and Interceptors

This chapter describes filters, interceptors and their configuration. Filters and interceptors can be used on both sides, on the client and the server side. Filters can modify inbound and outbound requests and responses including modification of headers, entity and other request/response parameters. Interceptors are used primarily for modification of entity input and output streams. You can use interceptors for example to zip and unzip output and input entity streams.

Filters can be used when you want to modify any request or response parameters like headers. For example you would like to add a response header "X-Powered-By" to each generated response. Instead of adding this header in each resource method you would use a response filter to add this header.

There are filters on the server side and the client side.

Server filters:

Client filters:

import java.io.IOException;
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.ContainerRequestContext;
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.ContainerResponseContext;
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.ContainerResponseFilter;
import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response;

public class PoweredByResponseFilter implements ContainerResponseFilter {

    @Override
    public void filter(ContainerRequestContext requestContext, ContainerResponseContext responseContext)
        throws IOException {

            responseContext.getHeaders().add("X-Powered-By", "Jersey :-)");
    }
}

import java.io.IOException;
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.ContainerRequestContext;
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.ContainerRequestFilter;
import jakarta.ws.rs.core.Response;
import jakarta.ws.rs.core.SecurityContext;

public class AuthorizationRequestFilter implements ContainerRequestFilter {

    @Override
    public void filter(ContainerRequestContext requestContext)
                    throws IOException {

        final SecurityContext securityContext =
                    requestContext.getSecurityContext();
        if (securityContext == null ||
                    !securityContext.isUserInRole("privileged")) {

                requestContext.abortWith(Response
                    .status(Response.Status.UNAUTHORIZED)
                    .entity("User cannot access the resource.")
                    .build());
        }
    }
}

...
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.ContainerRequestContext;
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.ContainerRequestFilter;
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.PreMatching;
...

@PreMatching
public class PreMatchingFilter implements ContainerRequestFilter {

    @Override
    public void filter(ContainerRequestContext requestContext)
                        throws IOException {
        // change all PUT methods to POST
        if (requestContext.getMethod().equals("PUT")) {
            requestContext.setMethod("POST");
        }
    }
}

public class CheckRequestFilter implements ClientRequestFilter {

    @Override
    public void filter(ClientRequestContext requestContext)
                        throws IOException {
        if (requestContext.getHeaders(
                        ).get("Client-Name") == null) {
            requestContext.abortWith(
                        Response.status(Response.Status.BAD_REQUEST)
                .entity("Client-Name header must be defined.")
                        .build());
         }
    }
}

Interceptors share a common API for the server and the client side. Whereas filters are primarily intended to manipulate request and response parameters like HTTP headers, URIs and/or HTTP methods, interceptors are intended to manipulate entities, via manipulating entity input/output streams. If you for example need to encode entity body of a client request then you could implement an interceptor to do the work for you.

There are two kinds of interceptors, ReaderInterceptor and WriterInterceptor. Reader interceptors are used to manipulate inbound entity streams. These are the streams coming from the "wire". So, using a reader interceptor you can manipulate request entity stream on the server side (where an entity is read from the client request) and response entity stream on the client side (where an entity is read from the server response). Writer interceptors are used for cases where entity is written to the "wire" which on the server means when writing out a response entity and on the client side when writing request entity for a request to be sent out to the server. Writer and reader interceptors are executed before message body readers or writers are executed and their primary intention is to wrap the entity streams that will be used in message body reader and writers.

The following example shows a writer interceptor that enables GZIP compression of the whole entity body.

public class GZIPWriterInterceptor implements WriterInterceptor {

    @Override
    public void aroundWriteTo(WriterInterceptorContext context)
                    throws IOException, WebApplicationException {
        final OutputStream outputStream = context.getOutputStream();
        context.setOutputStream(new GZIPOutputStream(outputStream));
        context.proceed();
    }
}

The interceptor gets an output stream from the WriterInterceptorContext and sets a new one which is a GZIP wrapper of the original output stream. After all interceptors are executed the output stream lastly set to the WriterInterceptorContext will be used for serialization of the entity. In the example above the entity bytes will be written to the GZIPOutputStream which will compress the stream data and write them to the original output stream. The original stream is always the stream which writes the data to the "wire". When the interceptor is used on the server, the original output stream is the stream into which writes data to the underlying server container stream that sends the response to the client.

The interceptors wrap the streams and they itself work as wrappers. This means that each interceptor is a wrapper of another interceptor and it is responsibility of each interceptor implementation to call the wrapped interceptor. This is achieved by calling the proceed() method on the WriterInterceptorContext. This method will call the next registered interceptor in the chain, so effectively this will call all remaining registered interceptors. Calling proceed() from the last interceptor in the chain will call the appropriate message body reader. Therefore every interceptor must call the proceed() method otherwise the entity would not be written. The wrapping principle is reflected also in the method name, aroundWriteTo, which says that the method is wrapping the writing of the entity.

The method aroundWriteTo() gets WriterInterceptorContext as a parameter. This context contains getters and setters for header parameters, request properties, entity, entity stream and other properties. These are the properties which will be passed to the final MessageBodyWriter<T>. Interceptors are allowed to modify all these properties. This could influence writing of an entity by MessageBodyWriter<T> and even selection of such a writer. By changing media type (WriterInterceptorContext.setMediaType()) the interceptor can cause that different message body writer will be chosen. The interceptor can also completely replace the entity if it is needed. However, for modification of headers, request properties and such, the filters are usually more preferable choice. Interceptors are executed only when there is any entity and when the entity is to be written. So, when you always want to add a new header to a response no matter what, use filters as interceptors might not be executed when no entity is present. Interceptors should modify properties only for entity serialization and deserialization purposes.

Let's now look at an example of a ReaderInterceptor

public class GZIPReaderInterceptor implements ReaderInterceptor {

    @Override
    public Object aroundReadFrom(ReaderInterceptorContext context)
                    throws IOException, WebApplicationException {
        final InputStream originalInputStream = context.getInputStream();
        context.setInputStream(new GZIPInputStream(originalInputStream));
        return context.proceed();
    }
}

The GZIPReaderInterceptor wraps the original input stream with the GZIPInputStream. All further reads from the entity stream will cause that data will be decompressed by this stream. The interceptor method aroundReadFrom() must return an entity. The entity is returned from the proceed method of the ReaderInterceptorContext. The proceed method internally calls the wrapped interceptor which must also return an entity. The proceed method invoked from the last interceptor in the chain calls message body reader which deserializes the entity end returns it. Every interceptor can change this entity if there is a need but in the most cases interceptors will just return the entity as returned from the proceed method.

As already mentioned above, interceptors should be primarily used to manipulate entity body. Similar to methods exposed by WriterInterceptorContext the ReaderInterceptorContext introduces a set of methods for modification of request/response properties like HTTP headers, URIs and/or HTTP methods (excluding getters and setters for entity as entity has not been read yet). Again the same rules as for WriterInterceptor applies for changing these properties (change only properties in order to influence reading of an entity).

Let's look closer at the context of execution of filters and interceptors. The following steps describes scenario where a JAX-RS client makes a POST request to the server. The server receives an entity and sends a response back with the same entity. GZIP reader and writer interceptors are registered on the client and the server. Also filters are registered on client and server which change the headers of request and response.

It is worth to mention that in the scenario above the reader and writer interceptors are invoked only if the entity is present (it does not make sense to wrap entity stream when no entity will be written). The same behaviour is there for message body readers and writers. As mentioned above, interceptors are executed before the message body reader/writer as a part of their execution and they can wrap the input/output stream before the entity is read/written. There are exceptions when interceptors are not run before message body reader/writers but this is not the case of simple scenario above. This happens for example when the entity is read many times from client response using internal buffering. Then the data are intercepted only once and kept 'decoded' in the buffer.

Filters and interceptors can be name-bound. Name binding is a concept that allows to say to a JAX-RS runtime that a specific filter or interceptor will be executed only for a specific resource method. When a filter or an interceptor is limited only to a specific resource method we say that it is name-bound. Filters and interceptors that do not have such a limitation are called global.

Filter or interceptor can be assigned to a resource method using the @NameBinding annotation. The annotation is used as meta annotation for other user implemented annotations that are applied to a providers and resource methods. See the following example:

...
import java.lang.annotation.Retention;
import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;
import java.util.zip.GZIPInputStream;

import jakarta.ws.rs.GET;
import jakarta.ws.rs.NameBinding;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Path;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Produces;
...


// @Compress annotation is the name binding annotation
@NameBinding
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
public @interface Compress {}


@Path("helloworld")
public class HelloWorldResource {

    @GET
    @Produces("text/plain")
    public String getHello() {
        return "Hello World!";
    }

    @GET
    @Path("too-much-data")
    @Compress
    public String getVeryLongString() {
        String str = ... // very long string
        return str;
    }
}

// interceptor will be executed only when resource methods
// annotated with @Compress annotation will be executed
@Compress
public class GZIPWriterInterceptor implements WriterInterceptor {
    @Override
    public void aroundWriteTo(WriterInterceptorContext context)
                    throws IOException, WebApplicationException {
        final OutputStream outputStream = context.getOutputStream();
        context.setOutputStream(new GZIPOutputStream(outputStream));
        context.proceed();
    }
}

The example above defines a new @Compress annotation which is a name binding annotation as it is annotated with @NameBinding. The @Compress is applied on the resource method getVeryLongString() and on the interceptor GZIPWriterInterceptor. The interceptor will be executed only if any resource method with such an annotation will be executed. In our example case the interceptor will be executed only for the getVeryLongString() method. The interceptor will not be executed for method getHello(). In this example the reason is probably clear. We would like to compress only long data and we do not need to compress the short response of "Hello World!".

Name binding can be applied on a resource class. In the example HelloWorldResource would be annotated with @Compress. This would mean that all resource methods will use compression in this case.

There might be many name binding annotations defined in an application. When any provider (filter or interceptor) is annotated with more than one name binding annotation, then it will be executed for resource methods which contain ALL these annotations. So, for example if our interceptor would be annotated with another name binding annotation @GZIP then the resource method would need to have both annotations attached, @Compress and @GZIP, otherwise the interceptor would not be executed. Based on the previous paragraph we can even use the combination when the resource method getVeryLongString() would be annotated with @Compress and resource class HelloWorldResource would be annotated from with @GZIP. This would also trigger the interceptor as annotations of resource methods are aggregated from resource method and from resource class. But this is probably just an edge case which will not be used so often.

Note that global filters are always executed, even for resource methods which have any name binding annotations.

Dynamic binding is a way how to assign filters and interceptors to the resource methods in a dynamic manner. Name binding from the previous chapter uses a static approach and changes to binding require source code change and recompilation. With dynamic binding you can implement code which defines bindings during the application initialization time. The following example shows how to implement dynamic binding.

...
import jakarta.ws.rs.core.FeatureContext;
import jakarta.ws.rs.container.DynamicFeature;
...

@Path("helloworld")
public class HelloWorldResource {

    @GET
    @Produces("text/plain")
    public String getHello() {
        return "Hello World!";
    }

    @GET
    @Path("too-much-data")
    public String getVeryLongString() {
        String str = ... // very long string
        return str;
    }
}

// This dynamic binding provider registers GZIPWriterInterceptor
// only for HelloWorldResource and methods that contain
// "VeryLongString" in their name. It will be executed during
// application initialization phase.
public class CompressionDynamicBinding implements DynamicFeature {

    @Override
    public void configure(ResourceInfo resourceInfo, FeatureContext context) {
        if (HelloWorldResource.class.equals(resourceInfo.getResourceClass())
                && resourceInfo.getResourceMethod()
                    .getName().contains("VeryLongString")) {
            context.register(GZIPWriterInterceptor.class);
        }
    }
}

The example contains one HelloWorldResource which is known from the previous name binding example. The difference is in the getVeryLongString method, which now does not define the @Compress name binding annotations. The binding is done using the provider which implements DynamicFeature interface. The interface defines one configure method with two arguments, ResourceInfo and FeatureContext. ResourceInfo contains information about the resource and method to which the binding can be done. The configure method will be executed once for each resource method that is defined in the application. In the example above the provider will be executed twice, once for the getHello() method and once for getVeryLongString() ( once the resourceInfo will contain information about getHello() method and once it will point to getVeryLongString()). If a dynamic binding provider wants to register any provider for the actual resource method it will do that using provided FeatureContext which extends JAX-RS Configurable API. All methods for registration of filter or interceptor classes or instances can be used. Such dynamically registered filters or interceptors will be bound only to the actual resource method. In the example above the GZIPWriterInterceptor will be bound only to the method getVeryLongString() which will cause that data will be compressed only for this method and not for the method getHello(). The code of GZIPWriterInterceptor is in the examples above.

Note that filters and interceptors registered using dynamic binding are only additional filters run for the resource method. If there are any name bound providers or global providers they will still be executed.

In case you register more filters and interceptors you might want to define an exact order in which they should be invoked. The order can be controlled by the @Priority annotation defined by the jakarta.annotation.Priority class. The annotation accepts an integer parameter of priority. Providers used in request processing (ContainerRequestFilter, ClientRequestFilter) as well as entity interceptors (ReaderInterceptor, WriterInterceptor) are sorted based on the priority in an ascending manner. So, a request filter with priority defined with @Priority(1000) will be executed before another request filter with priority defined as @Priority(2000). Providers used during response processing (ContainerResponseFilter, ClientResponseFilter) are executed in the reverse order (using descending manner), so a provider with the priority defined with @Priority(2000) will be executed before another provider with priority defined with @Priority(1000).

It's a good practice to assign a priority to filters and interceptors. Use Priorities class which defines standardized priorities in JAX-RS for different usages, rather than inventing your own priorities. For example, when you write an authentication filter you would assign a priority 1000 which is the value of Priorities.AUTHENTICATION. The following example shows the filter from the beginning of this chapter with a priority assigned.

...
import jakarta.annotation.Priority;
import jakarta.ws.rs.Priorities;
...

@Priority(Priorities.HEADER_DECORATOR)
public class ResponseFilter implements ContainerResponseFilter {

    @Override
    public void filter(ContainerRequestContext requestContext,
                    ContainerResponseContext responseContext)
                    throws IOException {

        responseContext.getHeaders().add("X-Powered-By", "Jersey :-)");
    }
}

As this is a response filter and response filters are executed in the reverse order, any other filter with priority lower than 3000 (Priorities.HEADER_DECORATOR is 3000) will be executed after this filter. So, for example AUTHENTICATION filter (priority 1000) would be run after this filter.